Chapter 1: Fundamental Knowledge and
Skill of Computer
a. What
is computer? What are the uses of computer?
Computer
is an electronic device, which takes raw data as input, process these data as
per given instruction and gives result and store it for the future use.
b.
What is the working principle of computer?
A computer converts data into information by performing
various actions. The computer accepts data from the input devices and processes
them according to the given instructions. After the processing task, the
computer produces the meaningful output and displays them through output
devices. Such process performed by the computer is known as IPC cycle.
c.Write
short note on:
Input: The
computer gets data from the user through input devices such as keyboard, mouse
etc. This is the very first step of the computer.
Process: This is
the second step of the computer cycle. In this step the computer's processing
device process the input data based on instructions. CPU is the main processing
unit of the computer.
Output: This is the third step of the computer cycle. The computer gives
meaningful information after completion of processing task which is displayed
on the output devices. Monitor, printer, plotter etc are some of the common
examples of output devices.
Storage: This is the fourth step of computer cycle. The computer
permanently stores the result of processing on Hard disks or some other kinds
of storage medium.
Chapter 2:
History of computer
a. What
is abacus?
Abacus
is the first calculating device ever made in the historical development of
computer. It is unknown that who invented it but early Chinese, Japanese and
Korean businessmen used for calculating in 3500BC.
b.
What is a contribution of Blaise Pascal?
Blaise
Pascal invented
a very first mechanical calculating machine called ‘pascaline’.
c.Who is known as father of
computer? Why he is called so?
Charles Babbage is
known as the father of computer because he invented difference engine and
analytical engine with program and storage capacity.
d.Who is the first programmer?
Why she is known as first computer programmer?
Lady
Augusta Ada Lovelace is the first computer programmer. She is known as the
first computer programmer because she made programming concept with binary
digits which are still in use in computers.
e.What is slide rule? Who
invented slide rule?
A
slide rule consists of two graduated scales which slip upon the other. With
proper alignment, the user can perform simple multiplication and division
problems. The Slide Rule was invented by William Oughtred in 1620AD.
Chapter 3:
Generation of Computer
a.Define
generation of computer? Explain different generation of computer.
The history of the computer is also referred to its
generation. Key technology development that vitally changed the way computers
operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful, efficient
and reliable devices distinguished the generation of the computer. This
division of computer according to the development period, memory, processing
speed, efficiency, storage etc. is called computer generation. There are five computer
generations:
First Generation
(1946-1958)
Vacuum tubes were used for first generation
computers for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory. They were huge and
expensive to operate. Due to the consumption of great deal of electricity, it
generated a lot of heat that often caused malfunctioning in the system.
Example: ENIAC, UNIVAC, MARK-1.
Features:
·
They used vacuum
tubes/valves as their main electronic components.
·
Storage capacity
was limited to 1 KB to 4 KB.
·
They used machine
level language for programming.
·
Processing speed
was in a millisecond.
·
They used the
magnetic drum for primary memory.
Drawbacks:
·
Difficult in
maintenance.
·
No facility of
linking program.
·
Difficult for
logical programming.
Second Generation
(1959-1964)
The
transistors invented in 1947, which was not seen as extensive use, replaced
vacuum tubes. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube that made
computers become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable
than the first generation computers. Example: IBM 1401, UNIVAC-II, IBM 1620.
Features:
·
They used
transistors in place of vacuum tubes. 1 transistor was equivalent to 1000
vacuum tubes.
·
The speed of
processing was increased to the microsecond.
·
They used the
magnetic core as primary memory and magnetic tapes as auxiliary memory.
·
They were much
smaller and more reliable.
·
They used
assembly language for programming.
Third generation (1965-1974)
The
development of the Integrated Circuit (IC) was the major turning point of the
third generation computers. Transistors were made smaller and placed on silicon
clips called semiconductors that drastically increased the speed and efficiency
of computers. It was called integrated Circuit. Example: IBM 360, PDP-8, etc.
Features:
·
Integrated
Circuit (IC) replaced transistors. 1 IC was equivalent to 100 transistors.
·
Processing speed
was increased to the nanosecond.
·
Semiconductor
memory was used instead of magnetic core memory.
·
They used
high-level language for programming.
·
They were
smaller, more efficient and more reliable.
Fourth Generation (1975-1990)
The
development of microprocessor gave rise to the fourth generation of computers.
A microprocessor has thousands of integrated circuits builds onto a single
silicon clip. The Intel 4004 chips, developed in 1971 is the first
microprocessor.
Features:
·
The
microprocessor is used in place of transistors. Very Large Scale integration
(VLSI) containing hundreds of thousands of transistors on a chip and LSIs(Large
Scale Integration) containing thousand of transistors in a chip made the
microprocessor.
·
The speed of
processing is increased to Picosecond. Billions of instructions could be
processed in a second.
·
They are very
user-friendly computers which use many high-level languages for programming
Fifth Generation Computer (1991-Personal and beyond)
The fifth
generation computers are based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and are still in
development. After 90s computers that support Voice Recognition System (VRS) have
been developed.
Features:
·
These computers
will use parallel processor made from superconductors Gallium Arsenide
(GaAs)/biochip.
·
They will possess
Artificial Intelligence (AI).
·
They will be able
to feed input in the natural language.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
It is the
biotechnology, which will be used in the fifth generation computer. A computer
having AI will be able to understand natural language, think and make
decisions.
b.
Differentiate between second and third generation of
computer.
|
Second Generation
|
Third Generation
|
|
Ø Transistors are used.
Ø Magnetic core memory.
Ø Magnetic tapes are used and
Disks for secondary storage
|
Ø ICs are used.
Ø Larger magnetic core memory.
Ø Larger capacity magnetic disks and tapes are used
for storage.
|
c. Differentiate
between fourth and fifth generation computer?
|
Fourth Generation
|
Fifth Generation
|
|
Ø ICs with VLSI technology.
Ø Microprocessors and Semiconductor memory are used.
Ø Larger capacity hard disks as inbuilt secondary
storage.
|
Ø ULSI technology is used.
Ø Bio chips are main component.
|
Chapter 4: Types of computer
a. Define
mainframe computer?
Main
frame computers are big size, expensive and have fast processing capacity.
These Computers are used in big companies, Government agencies, scientific etc.
b.Write the differences between mini
and micro computer?
|
Mini Computers
|
Micro Computers
|
|
Mini Computers are middle size and fast processing
computer. They are used in bank, education etc. Minicomputer is a
multi-processing system capable of supporting from 4 to about 200 users
simultaneously.
|
Micro Computers are
most common from small firm to big companies. The cost of micro Computers are
decreasing day by day. Desktop, Laptop, Palmtop, Digital Diary, Notebook, PDAs
are the example of Micro computers.
|
c. Define
micro computer?
Micro Computers are
most common from small firm to big companies. The cost of micro Computers are
decreasing day by day. Desktop, Laptop, Palmtop, Digital Diary, Notebook, PDAs
are the example of Micro computers.
d.Write any four feature of super
computer?
Features of Super computer are as follows:
- Most powerful, fastest,
largest and expensive computer in the world.
-
It is used to solve extremely complex and large scale problems.
-
A single bus structure is primarily found on super computer.
-
Number of processor is 4-16.
e. Define
hybrid computer?
Hybrid
computers are the computers which are made by using the good qualities of both
Analog and digital Computers. Hybrid Computers are usually used to solve
problems which large numbers of complex equation are involved, for example:-
Hospitals, scientific purpose, airplanes, war affairs etc.
Chapter 5: Software
a. What
is software? Write its feature/ characteristics/ benefits.
Software is the computer programs, which is a set of
program which is used for different purpose. It is also defined as the program
concerned with operation of the hardware in the data system.
Following are the
characterristics of software:
- Software provide
environment for interaction between user and hardware.
- Software helps user to
perform specific task.
- Software can be shared,
install and unstall.
b.
What are the types of software? Explain.
The software available in any computer can be
divided into two types:
v System Software:-The software required for running user program is
known as system software. System software is the collection of the programs
written for computer, which allows the user to develop and run programs.
Mainly system software is
divided into two parts
1. Operating
system
2. Utility
program
3. Device
Driver
v Application software:-The software written for
special purpose (specific) in a specific language is known as application
software. These programs perform certain task with respect to related program
ms.word, ms.excel, ms.powerpoint, adobe PageMaker, freehand,etc.
c. Differentiate
between system software and application software.
|
System Software
|
Application Software
|
|
The software required for running user program is
known as system software. System software is the collection of the programs
written for computer, which allows the user to develop and run programs. For eg. Operating system, Utility program, Device
Driver, etc
|
The software written for
special purpose (specific) in a specific language is known as application
software. These programs perform certain task with respect to related program.
For eg. ms.word, ms.excel,
ms.powerpoint, adobe PageMaker, freehand,etc.
|
d.Define utility program.
Software
that performs a very specific task, usually related to managing system
resources is called utility programs. For eg. Compression program, Backup
utility program, antivirus, etc.
e. What
is application software? Write with example.
The
software written for special purpose (specific) in a specific language is known
as application software. These programs perform certain task with respect to
related program. For eg. ms.word,
ms.excel, ms.powerpoint, adobe PageMaker, freehand,etc.
Chapter 6: Operating system
a. What is operating system?
An OS is a collection of
system program that controls the operations of the computer system. It
activates and recognizes the hardware devices and provides the operating
environment for other application software. It acts as the intermediary between
a user and the computer hardware.
b.
Write any three functions of operating system.
Functions of Operating System are as follows:
- File and folder management
- Device management
- Memory management
- Security management
- Help to run application software for user
- Process and management
c.
What are the types of operating system? Write
the name of any three operating systems and explain.
Operating systems are categorized into different types on
the basis of mode of use and user.
Based on mode of
user, operating systems are classified into two
types:
- Single user operating system:
- Multi-user operating system:
We can
classify the operating system on the basis user interface like command or
character user interface operating system and graphical user interface
operating system.
1. Command or Character-based User Interface (CUI)
CUI is a traditional user interface. It provides the
interactive terminal where a user could enter the command to interpret. It was
the only common place to communicate between a program and its user. We are still
using this command based interface.
2. Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Graphical user interface is an operating system where
users can interact with the computer using picture and graphs, rather than
character and commands. It displays the icon, buttons, dialog box etc. Popular
GUI is Microsoft Windows.
d.
What is booting? Write its types.
The process and
functions that a computer goes through when it first start-up and end in the
proper loading of the operating system and preparing it to receive commands. There
are two types of booting cold boot and warm boot.
e. What
is desktop? Draw a picture of desktop and label it.
Desktop is a platform of OS when User logs on computer. The Screen that is
initially displayed is called the Desktop.
Chapter 7: Word Processing
a. What
is word processing? Write its main functions.
A word
processing is the process of using computer to write, correct, edit and store
text. Its main function is to allow user to create and edit text easily.
Microsoft word, word perfect, word, star, etc.
b.
Write the features of word processing software.
Following are
the feature of typical word processing software.
- Entering a new
document or text.
- Storage and
retrieval of information.
- Text and
picture formatting and priting.
- Editing facility like delete, insert, cut, copy, paste, undo, etc.
- Importing
object created in other application.
c. Write
the difference between paragraph spacing and line spacing.
The amount of
space between lines of text in paragraph is known as line spacing.
Paragraph spacing refers to the amount og space between paragraphs.
d.
Define margin and page setup.
Margin are white borders
around the edge of page where the text is not alloud.
Page setup is the document formatting command. Formatting documents means
controlling appearance or layout of text on page and addition of other graphics
elements like line, shading, boarder, etc.
e. Define header and footer.
Header and footer are
the lines of text that runs along the top and bottom of page respectively,
which consist of text or graphics.
f. Write
the uses of header and footer.
The use of header and
footer is to contain page numbers, chapter titles, dates and author names.
Chapter 8: Spreadsheet
a. What
is spreadsheet?
Spreadsheet is
application software for calculating and evaluating numbers. The spreadsheet is
made of row and columns in which any data can be entered. The spreadsheet is
for performing calculations, calculating results creating financial reports,
etc.
b.
Define Ms-excel. What are the advantages of Ms-excel?
Ms-excel is a
spreadsheet program developed by Microsoft corporation. The file created in
Excel is known as workbook and the file extension is .xls Microsoft released
Ms-excel in different versions. They are Ms-excel 2000, Ms-excel 2003, Ms-excel
2007, Ms-excel 2010 and Ms-excel 2013.
c.
What are the features of Ms-Excel?
Following are the
salient feature of Ms-excel:
- Graphical Interface
- Auto Fill
- Charting
- Auto Sum
- Workbook
- Spell Checking
- Freeze Panes
d.
Write the difference between worksheet and workbook.
Worksheet is the
primary document that you use in Excel to store and work with data which is
also called spreadsheet whereas combination of worksheet called workbook.
e. Write
the differences between copy-paste and cut-paste.
Copy-paste is the
action of making duplicate of selected object whereas cut-paste is the action
used to move selected object in new location.
f. Write
a process to open Ms-excel?
Step 1: Click on Start
button.
Step 2: Click on
All Programs.
Step 3: Click on
Microsoft Office.
Step 4: Click on Microsoft
Office Excel.
Chapter 9: Presentation Software
a. Write
the feature of presentation software/ program.
Following are the features of presentation software:
i. Presentation software provides graphical user interface for user.
ii. Presentation software provides adequate tools such as animation/ slides/
pre formatted layout for users.
iii. Presentation software can be used in various fields such as education,
business, industry, entertainment, etc.
b.
Write the functions of presentation software.
Following are the function/ benefits of presentation software:
i. In educational institutes, for making teaching scientific, lively and
psychological. Presentation software can serve as technique, methods or
approaches in teaching.
ii. In business organizations presentation software are used as effective
methods for presenting ideas in meeting and seminars.
iii. In entertainment i.e. preparation of cartoon movies etc.
c. Write
the process to insert picture in slide.
Step 1: Click on insert tab.
Step 2: Click on picture.
Step 3: Select the desired picture and click on insert.
d.
Write the ways to change alignment of word or
sentences.
Step 1: Select the desired word or sentences.
Step 2: On a home tab, in paragraph group click on different alignment tab.
